diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/index.d.ts b/packages/backend-rs/index.d.ts
index d939266207..720249ef53 100644
--- a/packages/backend-rs/index.d.ts
+++ b/packages/backend-rs/index.d.ts
@@ -412,6 +412,13 @@ export declare function fetchMeta(): Promise<Meta>
 /** Fetches and returns the NodeInfo (version 2.0) of a remote server. */
 export declare function fetchNodeinfo(host: string): Promise<Nodeinfo>
 
+export interface Follow {
+  id: string
+  type: Activity
+  actor: string
+  object: string
+}
+
 export interface Following {
   id: string
   createdAt: DateTimeWithTimeZone
@@ -425,13 +432,6 @@ export interface Following {
   followeeSharedInbox: string | null
 }
 
-export interface FollowRelay {
-  id: string
-  type: Activity
-  actor: string
-  object: string
-}
-
 export interface FollowRequest {
   id: string
   createdAt: DateTimeWithTimeZone
@@ -1265,7 +1265,9 @@ export type RelayStatus =  'accepted'|
 /** Delete all entries in the [attestation_challenge] table created at more than 5 minutes ago */
 export declare function removeOldAttestationChallenges(): Promise<void>
 
-export declare function renderFollowRelay(relayId: string): Promise<FollowRelay>
+export declare function renderFollow(follower: UserLike, followee: UserLike, requestId?: string | undefined | null): Follow
+
+export declare function renderFollowRelay(relayId: string): Promise<Follow>
 
 export interface RenoteMuting {
   id: string
@@ -1537,6 +1539,12 @@ export interface UserKeypair {
   privateKey: string
 }
 
+export interface UserLike {
+  id: string
+  host: string | null
+  uri: string
+}
+
 export interface UserList {
   id: string
   createdAt: DateTimeWithTimeZone
diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/index.js b/packages/backend-rs/index.js
index 9ca4963455..2955ef672d 100644
--- a/packages/backend-rs/index.js
+++ b/packages/backend-rs/index.js
@@ -437,6 +437,7 @@ module.exports.PushNotificationKind = nativeBinding.PushNotificationKind
 module.exports.PushSubscriptionType = nativeBinding.PushSubscriptionType
 module.exports.RelayStatus = nativeBinding.RelayStatus
 module.exports.removeOldAttestationChallenges = nativeBinding.removeOldAttestationChallenges
+module.exports.renderFollow = nativeBinding.renderFollow
 module.exports.renderFollowRelay = nativeBinding.renderFollowRelay
 module.exports.safeForSql = nativeBinding.safeForSql
 module.exports.sendPushNotification = nativeBinding.sendPushNotification
diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/follow.rs b/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/follow.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10ccbcd600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/follow.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::{config::CONFIG, federation::internal_actor, misc::user};
+use serde::Serialize;
+
+#[macros::export(object)]
+pub struct UserLike {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub host: Option<String>,
+    pub uri: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+#[macros::export(object)]
+pub struct Follow {
+    pub id: String,
+    pub r#type: Activity,
+    pub actor: String,
+    pub object: String,
+}
+
+impl ActivityPubObject for Follow {}
+
+impl Follow {
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this line
+    fn new(follower: UserLike, followee: UserLike, request_id: Option<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: request_id.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                format!("{}/follows/{}/{}", CONFIG.url, follower.id, followee.id)
+            }),
+            r#type: Activity::Follow,
+            actor: match user::is_local!(follower) {
+                true => format!("{}/users/{}", CONFIG.url, follower.id),
+                false => follower.uri,
+            },
+            object: match user::is_local!(followee) {
+                true => format!("{}/users/{}", CONFIG.url, followee.id),
+                false => followee.uri,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove this line
+    async fn new_relay(relay_id: String) -> Result<Self, internal_actor::relay::Error> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            id: format!("{}/activities/follow-relay/{}", CONFIG.url, relay_id),
+            r#type: Activity::Follow,
+            actor: format!(
+                "{}/users/{}",
+                CONFIG.url,
+                internal_actor::relay::get_id().await?
+            ),
+            object: AS_PUBLIC_URL.to_owned(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[macros::ts_export]
+pub fn render_follow(follower: UserLike, followee: UserLike, request_id: Option<String>) -> Follow {
+    Follow::new(follower, followee, request_id)
+}
+
+#[macros::ts_export]
+pub async fn render_follow_relay(relay_id: String) -> Result<Follow, internal_actor::relay::Error> {
+    Follow::new_relay(relay_id).await
+}
diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/mod.rs b/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/mod.rs
index b245bca98a..7fbd1eebda 100644
--- a/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/mod.rs
+++ b/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub mod relay;
+pub mod follow;
 
 pub trait ActivityPubObject {}
 
@@ -7,3 +7,5 @@ pub trait ActivityPubObject {}
 pub enum Activity {
     Follow,
 }
+
+const AS_PUBLIC_URL: &str = "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public";
diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/relay.rs b/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/relay.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index f3d7656564..0000000000
--- a/packages/backend-rs/src/federation/activitypub/object/relay.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-use super::*;
-use crate::{config::CONFIG, federation::internal_actor};
-use serde::Serialize;
-
-#[derive(Serialize)]
-#[macros::export(object)]
-pub struct FollowRelay {
-    pub id: String,
-    pub r#type: Activity,
-    pub actor: String,
-    pub object: String,
-}
-
-impl ActivityPubObject for FollowRelay {}
-
-#[macros::export(js_name = "renderFollowRelay")]
-pub async fn follow(relay_id: &str) -> Result<FollowRelay, internal_actor::relay::Error> {
-    Ok(FollowRelay {
-        id: format!("{}/activities/follow-relay/{}", CONFIG.url, relay_id),
-        r#type: Activity::Follow,
-        actor: format!(
-            "{}/users/{}",
-            CONFIG.url,
-            internal_actor::relay::get_id().await?
-        ),
-        object: "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public".to_owned(),
-    })
-}
diff --git a/packages/backend-rs/src/misc/user/mod.rs b/packages/backend-rs/src/misc/user/mod.rs
index 16ee43aeca..059f3072c5 100644
--- a/packages/backend-rs/src/misc/user/mod.rs
+++ b/packages/backend-rs/src/misc/user/mod.rs
@@ -1 +1,23 @@
 pub mod count;
+
+#[doc(hidden)] // hide the macro in the top doc page
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! is_local {
+    ($user_like:expr) => {
+        $user_like.host.is_none()
+    };
+}
+
+#[doc(inline)] // show the macro in the module doc page
+pub use is_local;
+
+#[doc(hidden)] // hide the macro in the top doc page
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! is_remote {
+    ($user_like:expr) => {
+        $user_like.host.is_some()
+    };
+}
+
+#[doc(inline)] // show the macro in the module doc page
+pub use is_remote;
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
index e9c1b5bd1b..663f9be299 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/models/person.ts
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ export async function createPerson(
 		try {
 			const data = await fetch(person.followers, {
 				headers: { Accept: "application/json" },
-				size: 1024 * 1024
+				size: 1024 * 1024,
 			});
 			const json_data = JSON.parse(await data.text());
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ export async function createPerson(
 		try {
 			const data = await fetch(person.following, {
 				headers: { Accept: "application/json" },
-				size: 1024 * 1024
+				size: 1024 * 1024,
 			});
 			const json_data = JSON.parse(await data.text());
 
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ export async function updatePerson(
 		try {
 			const data = await fetch(person.followers, {
 				headers: { Accept: "application/json" },
-				size: 1024 * 1024
+				size: 1024 * 1024,
 			});
 			const json_data = JSON.parse(await data.text());
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ export async function updatePerson(
 		try {
 			const data = await fetch(person.following, {
 				headers: { Accept: "application/json" },
-				size: 1024 * 1024
+				size: 1024 * 1024,
 			});
 			const json_data = JSON.parse(await data.text());
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 30ad799507..0000000000
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { config } from "@/config.js";
-import type { User } from "@/models/entities/user.js";
-import { Users } from "@/models/index.js";
-
-export default (
-	follower: { id: User["id"]; host: User["host"]; uri: User["host"] },
-	followee: { id: User["id"]; host: User["host"]; uri: User["host"] },
-	requestId?: string,
-) => {
-	const follow = {
-		id: requestId ?? `${config.url}/follows/${follower.id}/${followee.id}`,
-		type: "Follow",
-		actor: Users.isLocalUser(follower)
-			? `${config.url}/users/${follower.id}`
-			: follower.uri,
-		object: Users.isLocalUser(followee)
-			? `${config.url}/users/${followee.id}`
-			: followee.uri,
-	} as any;
-
-	return follow;
-};
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/resolver.ts b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/resolver.ts
index c9d94e9fd6..48ca3e6244 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/resolver.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/remote/activitypub/resolver.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 	isAllowedServer,
 	isBlockedServer,
 	isSelfHost,
+	renderFollow,
 } from "backend-rs";
 import { apGet } from "./request.js";
 import type { IObject, ICollection, IOrderedCollection } from "./type.js";
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ import { renderPerson } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/person.js";
 import renderQuestion from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/question.js";
 import renderCreate from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/create.js";
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import { apLogger } from "@/remote/activitypub/logger.js";
 import { IsNull, Not } from "typeorm";
 
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/server/activitypub.ts b/packages/backend/src/server/activitypub.ts
index 81513f5d89..bc0442d381 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/server/activitypub.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/server/activitypub.ts
@@ -9,7 +9,12 @@ import renderKey from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/key.js";
 import { renderPerson } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/person.js";
 import renderEmoji from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/emoji.js";
 import { inbox as processInbox } from "@/queue/index.js";
-import { fetchMeta, getInstanceActor, isSelfHost } from "backend-rs";
+import {
+	fetchMeta,
+	getInstanceActor,
+	isSelfHost,
+	renderFollow,
+} from "backend-rs";
 import {
 	Notes,
 	Users,
@@ -24,7 +29,6 @@ import {
 	checkFetch,
 	getSignatureUser,
 } from "@/remote/activitypub/check-fetch.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import Featured from "./activitypub/featured.js";
 import Following from "./activitypub/following.js";
 import Followers from "./activitypub/followers.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/blocking/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/blocking/create.ts
index 1d7b80ffbf..9bc59e70e9 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/blocking/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/blocking/create.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import { renderUndo } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/undo.js";
 import { renderBlock } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/block.js";
 import { deliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ import {
 	publishToMainStream,
 	publishToUserStream,
 	UserEvent,
+	renderFollow,
 } from "backend-rs";
 import { getActiveWebhooks } from "@/misc/webhook-cache.js";
 import { webhookDeliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/fetch-instance-metadata.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/fetch-instance-metadata.ts
index 494027a37c..d0bcdd33a4 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/fetch-instance-metadata.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/fetch-instance-metadata.ts
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ async function fetchFaviconUrl(
 		// TODO
 		//timeout: 10000,
 		agent: getAgentByUrl,
-		size: 1024 * 1024
+		size: 1024 * 1024,
 	});
 
 	if (favicon.ok) {
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
index aea5bd48a5..c3dc91ff9e 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/create.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import renderAccept from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/accept.js";
 import renderReject from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/reject.js";
 import { deliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
@@ -23,6 +22,7 @@ import {
 	publishToMainStream,
 	publishToUserStream,
 	UserEvent,
+	renderFollow,
 } from "backend-rs";
 import { createNotification } from "@/services/create-notification.js";
 import { isDuplicateKeyValueError } from "@/misc/is-duplicate-key-value-error.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/delete.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/delete.ts
index 9d0135b81f..e46d8422db 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/delete.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/delete.ts
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import {
 	publishToMainStream,
 	publishToUserStream,
 	UserEvent,
+	renderFollow,
 } from "backend-rs";
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import { renderUndo } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/undo.js";
 import renderReject from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/reject.js";
 import { deliver, webhookDeliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/reject.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/reject.ts
index 1523573bf9..aaed1df3a8 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/reject.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/reject.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import renderReject from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/reject.js";
 import { deliver, webhookDeliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
 import {
@@ -7,6 +6,7 @@ import {
 	publishToMainStream,
 	publishToUserStream,
 	UserEvent,
+	renderFollow,
 } from "backend-rs";
 import type { ILocalUser, IRemoteUser } from "@/models/entities/user.js";
 import { Users, FollowRequests, Followings } from "@/models/index.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept.ts
index bcd7d2cf4c..81484d6fba 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/accept.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import renderAccept from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/accept.js";
 import { deliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
-import { Event, publishToMainStream } from "backend-rs";
+import { Event, publishToMainStream, renderFollow } from "backend-rs";
 import { insertFollowingDoc } from "../create.js";
 import type { User, CacheableUser } from "@/models/entities/user.js";
 import { FollowRequests, Users } from "@/models/index.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/cancel.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/cancel.ts
index eb1b2dcb49..435c86f19b 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/cancel.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/cancel.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import { renderUndo } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/undo.js";
 import { deliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
-import { Event, publishToMainStream } from "backend-rs";
+import { Event, publishToMainStream, renderFollow } from "backend-rs";
 import { IdentifiableError } from "@/misc/identifiable-error.js";
 import type { User } from "@/models/entities/user.js";
 import { Users, FollowRequests } from "@/models/index.js";
diff --git a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/create.ts b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/create.ts
index 40f383cfd3..cc6b4261eb 100644
--- a/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/create.ts
+++ b/packages/backend/src/services/following/requests/create.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import { renderActivity } from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/index.js";
-import renderFollow from "@/remote/activitypub/renderer/follow.js";
 import { deliver } from "@/queue/index.js";
 import type { User } from "@/models/entities/user.js";
 import { Blockings, FollowRequests, Users } from "@/models/index.js";
-import { Event, genIdAt, publishToMainStream } from "backend-rs";
+import { Event, genIdAt, publishToMainStream, renderFollow } from "backend-rs";
 import { createNotification } from "@/services/create-notification.js";
 import { config } from "@/config.js";